What Is GI Bleeding?

GI bleeding can occur in the upper digestive tract, including the oesophagus, stomach, and duodenum, or in the lower digestive tract, including the small intestine, colon, and rectum. The source of bleeding may be related to ulcers, gastritis, varices, polyps, inflammatory bowel disease, or other gastrointestinal conditions.

Common Symptoms

• Bright red blood in stools
• Black or tarry stools
• Vomiting blood or material resembling coffee grounds
• Abdominal pain or discomfort
• Weakness and fatigue
• Dizziness or light-headedness
• Pale skin due to blood loss or anaemia
• Rapid heartbeat in significant bleeding

Causes & Risk Factors

GI bleeding may be caused by peptic ulcers, gastritis, oesophageal or gastric varices, gastrointestinal polyps, inflammatory bowel disease, diverticular disease, certain medicines, and other digestive tract conditions. The risk and severity depend on the underlying cause and location of the bleeding.

Diagnosis & Treatment

Evaluation may include blood tests, stool assessment, and appropriate imaging or endoscopic investigations. Upper GI endoscopy or colonoscopy may be performed to identify the source of bleeding and, when required, provide treatment during the same procedure. Depending on the cause, endoscopic treatments may include injection therapy, thermal treatment, clipping, or variceal banding.

Endoscopic Management

Advanced endoscopy can help identify and control gastrointestinal bleeding with minimally invasive techniques. Depending on the location and cause, procedures such as endoscopic haemostasis, variceal banding, injection therapy, thermal coagulation, or other endoscopic methods may be used to control active bleeding and reduce the risk of recurrence.

When to See a Doctor?

Vomiting blood, passing black or bloody stools, fainting, severe weakness, dizziness, or rapid heartbeat can indicate significant gastrointestinal bleeding and requires urgent medical attention. Prompt evaluation is important to identify the source of bleeding and prevent complications.

Final Thoughts

GI bleeding can have several causes and may sometimes become a medical emergency. Timely assessment by a gastroenterologist and appropriate endoscopic management can help identify the source of bleeding, control it effectively, and reduce the risk of further complications.